Western lowland gorilla holding newborn gorilla baby in exhibit

Lester E. Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes

Chimpanzee holding lettuce in exhibit

The Lester E. Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes brings together primate experts and organizations from around the world to collaborate on groundbreaking research, conservation, education, and advocacy. The center leverages high-quality science to increase human understanding of primates, and to promote progressive care, management, and protections for these complex animals.

The Fisher Center conducts multidisciplinary research that:

  • advances knowledge of primate behavior, biology, and cognition
  • evaluates and enhances the welfare of primates in zoos and sanctuaries
  • conserves and protects wild primate populations and their ecosystems
  • provides unique training and educational opportunities for the next generation of primatologists

Areas of Focus

Progressive Primatology

Fisher Center scientists actively contribute to the study of primates (monkeys and apes). They approach their research with a comparative perspective—often conducting parallel studies with the gorillas, chimpanzees, and Japanese macaques at Lincoln Park Zoo— and prioritize studies that keep the primates’ natural social groups together at all times.

With more than 100 peer-reviewed publications on primate biology, behavior, and cognition, the Fisher Center is increasingly recognized as a leader in the field. In 2016, the center hosted the largest-ever primatology conference, which was attended by more 1,500 scientists from around the world.

 

Inside the Primate Mind

While much of the research at the Fisher Center focuses on behavior, its scientists are also very interested in cognition—what is going on inside the minds of primates. Using non-invasive techniques— such as monitoring their eye movements with infrared trackers and providing them with voluntary puzzles and touchscreen tests—Fisher Center scientists have gained new insight into how humanity’s closest relatives see the world around them, which can help guide their care in zoos and sanctuaries.

In 2010, Fisher Center scientists published a book, The Mind of the Chimpanzee, that remains the most contemporary collection of studies from respected scientists worldwide seeking to understand how chimpanzees think, learn, and feel.

 

Primate Welfare

The Fisher Center prioritizes studies that help advance the care and management of primates, even beyond zoos. For many years, it has partnered with Chimp Haven, the national chimpanzee sanctuary in Louisiana, in a unique collaboration to advance methods of welfare assessment for chimpanzees.

And in 2007, Lincoln Park Zoo created Project ChimpCARE, an initiative to help advance protections for chimpanzees in suboptimal conditions across the United States. Through this initiative, Fisher Center scientists contributed to changes in federal regulations that increased protections for chimpanzees nationwide.

 

Conservation in the Republic of Congo

While some Fisher Center researchers study the primates at Lincoln Park Zoo, others work deep in the rainforest of the Republic of Congo. Through a partnership with the Goualougo Triangle Ape Project, they leverage science to promote increased protections for the endangered gorilla and chimpanzee populations in and around the Nouabale-Ndoki National Forest.

By working with local communities and governments, as well as the logging industry itself, Fisher Center scientists are affecting change in logging practices in the Congo basin. This work has helped contribute to significant advances in conserving these unique ecosystems, such as the annexation of the Goualougo Triangle to the National Park in 2013.

Zoo scientist observing chimpanzees in exhibit

Research Internships

The Fisher Center offers opportunities for aspiring primatologists to gain valuable experience in a rigorous scientific environment and take part in a long-term program in behavioral science.

Learn more about Internships

Publications

  • Leinwand, J. G., & Vale, G. L. (2023). Compassion fatigue in chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) caregivers: Prevalence, contributing factors, and coping mechanisms. Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens, 5(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/jzbg5010001  
  • Whiten, A., Harrison, R. A., McGuigan, N., Vale, G. L., & Watson, S. K. (2022). Collective knowledge and the dynamics of culture in chimpanzees. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, Biological Sciences, 377(1843), 20200321. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2020.0321  
  • Teberd, P., Sanz, C., Zambarda, A., Kienast, I., Ebombi, T. F., Abea, G., Kunz, J., Judson, K., Stephens, C., & Morgan, D. (2023). Path to Acceptance and Refined Practices for Habituating Western Lowland Gorillas. Primates. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-023-01086-5.
  • Ross, S.R., Leinwand, J.G., & Hopper, L.M. (2022). Ethical considerations in conducting.primate cognition research. In B.L. Schwartz & M.J. Beran (Eds.), Primate cognitive studies (pp. 551-583). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108955836.022.
  • Leinwand, J.G., Fidino, M., Ross, S.R., & Hopper, L.M. (2022). Familiarity mediates apes’ attentional biases towards human faces. Proceedings of the Royal Society: B. 289:20212599 https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.2599.
  • Hopper, L.M., Lake, B.R., Leinwand, J.G., Fultz, A., & Ross, S.R. (2022). Assessing chimpanzees’ fluency of movement: applications for monitoring health and welfare. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 250: 105612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2022.105612.
  • Kano, F., Furuichi, T., Hashimoto, C., Krupenye, C., Leinwand, J.G., Hopper, L.M., Martin, C., Otsuka, R., & Tajima, T. (2022). What is unique about the human eye? Comparative image analysis on the external eye morphology of human and nonhuman great apes. Evolution and Human Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2021.12.004.
  • Ross, S.R., Joshi, P.B., Terio, K.A., & Gamble, K.C. (2022). A 25-Year Retrospective Review of Mortality in Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in Accredited U.S. Zoos from a Management and Welfare Perspective. Animals, 12(15). https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12151878.
  • Vale GL, Coughlin C, Brosnan SF. (2022) The importance of thinking about the future in culture and cumulative cultural evolution. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 20210349.
  • Vale, GL. Williams, L., Neal Webb, S, Schapiro, SJ & Brosnan, S.F (in press). Female squirrel monkeys’ (Saimiri boloviensis) responses to inequity in a group context; testing a link between cooperation and inequity responses. Animal Behaviour.
  • Huskisson, S.M., Ross, S.R. & Hopper, L.M. Do zoo visitors induce attentional bias effects in primates completing cognitive tasks?. Anim Cogn 24, 645–653 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-020-01445-5.
  • Hopper LM, Gulli RA, Howard LH, Kano F, Krupenye C, Ryan AM & Paukner A (2021). The application of non-invasive, restraint-free eye-tracking methods for use with nonhuman primates. Behavior Research Methods, 53, 1003-1030.
  • Leeds, A., Boyer, D., Ross, S. R., & Lukas, K. E. (2021). Patterns of wounding in mixed-sex social groups of western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 236, 105226.
  • Che-Castaldo, J., Havercamp, K., Watanuki, K., Matsuzawa, T., Hirata, S., & Ross, S. R. (2021). Comparative survival analyses among captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in America and Japan. PeerJ, 9, e11913.
  • Osuna‐Mascaró, A. J., Ortiz, C., Stolz, C., Musgrave, S., Sanz, C. M., Morgan, D. B., & Fragaszy, D. M. (2021). Dexterity and technique in termite fishing by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) in the Goualougo Triangle, Republic of Congo. American Journal of Primatology, 83(1), e23215.
  • Pontzer, H., Brown, M. H., Wood, B. M., Raichlen, D. A., Mabulla, A. Z., Harris, J. A., … & Ross, S. R. (2021). Evolution of water conservation in humans. Current Biology, 31(8), 1804-1810.
  • Hopper, L. M., Allritz, M., Egelkamp, C. L., Huskisson, S. M., Jacobson, S. L., Leinwand, J. G., & Ross, S. R. (2021). A Comparative Perspective on Three Primate Species’ Responses to a Pictorial Emotional Stroop Task. Animals 11(3), 588.
  • Hopper, L. M. (2021). Leveraging Social Learning to Enhance Captive Animal Care and Welfare. Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens, 2(1), 21-40.
  • Leinwand, J. G., Moyse, J. A., Hopper, L. M., Leahy, M., & Ross, S. R. (2021). The use of biofloors in great ape zoo exhibits. Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research, 9(1), 41-48.
  • Huskisson SM, Egelkamp CL, Jacobson SL, Ross SR & Hopper LM (2021). Primates’ food preferences predict their food choices even under uncertain conditions. Animal Behavior and Cognition, 8(1), 69-96.
  • Lester, J. D., Vigilant, L., Gratton, P., McCarthy, M. S., Barratt, C. D., Dieguez, P., … & Arandjelovic, M. (2021). Recent genetic connectivity and clinal variation in chimpanzees. Communications biology, 4(1), 1-11.
  • Barratt, C. D., Lester, J. D., Gratton, P., Onstein, R. E., Kalan, A. K., McCarthy, M. S., … & Kühl, H. (2021). Quantitative estimates of glacial refugia for chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) since the Last Interglacial (120,000 BP). American Journal of Primatology, e23320.
  • Harris, D. J., Ndolo Ebika, S. T., Sanz, C. M., Madingou, M. P., & Morgan, D. B. (2021). Large trees in tropical rain forests require big plots. Plants, People, Planet, 3(3), 282-294.
  • Doelling, C.R., Cronin, K.A., Ross, S.R., & Hopper, L.M. (2021). The relationship between personality, season, and wounding receipt in zoo-housed Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata): a multi-institutional study. American Journal of Primatology, 83(12), e23332.
  • Huskisson, S.M., Doelling, C.R., Ross, S.R., & Hopper, L.M. (2021). Assessing the potential impact of zoo visitors on the welfare and cognitive performance of Japanese macaques. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 243, 10543.
  • Ross, SR, Lake BR, Fultz, A & Hopper LM (2021). An evaluation of thermal imaging as a welfare monitoring tool for captive chimpanzees. Primates, 62(6), 919-927.
  • Amato, K. R., Chaves, Ó. M., Mallott, E. K., Eppley, T. M., Abreu, F., Baden, A. L., … & Zeng, Y. (2021). Fermented food consumption in wild nonhuman primates and its ecological drivers. American journal of physical anthropology.
  • Huskisson, S. M., Jacobson, S. L., Egelkamp, C. L., Ross, S. R., & Hopper, L. M. (2020). Using a Touchscreen Paradigm to Evaluate Food Preferences and Response to Novel Photographic.
  • Leinwand, J. G., Huskisson, S. M., Egelkamp, C. L., & Hopper, L. M. (2020). Within-and between-species variation in the responses of three primate species to a touchscreen gambling task. Learning and Motivation, 71, 101635.
  • Hansen, B. K., Hopper, L. M., Fultz, A. L., & Ross, S. R. (2020). Understanding the Behavior of Sanctuary-Housed Chimpanzees During Public Programs. Anthrozoös, 33(4), 481-495.
  • Huskisson, S. M., Jacobson, S. L., Egelkamp, C. L., Ross, S. R., & Hopper, L. M. (2020). Using a Touchscreen Paradigm to Evaluate Food Preferences and Response to Novel Photographic Stimuli of Food in Three Primate Species (Gorilla gorilla gorilla, Pan troglodytes, and Macaca fuscata). International Journal of Primatology, 41(1), 5-23.
  • Hopper, L. M. (2017). Social learning and decision making. In SJ Schapiro (Ed.), Handbook of Primate Behavior Management. (pp. 225-242). CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Ross, S. R., & Leinwand, J. G. 2020. A review of research in primate sanctuaries. Biology Letters, 16(4), 20200033. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2020.0033.
  • Boesch, C., Kalan, A. K., Mundry, R., Arandjelovic, M., Pika, S., Dieguez, P., Ayimisin, E. A., Barciela, A., Coupland, C., Egbe, V. E., Eno-Nku, M., Michael Fay, J., Fine, D., Adriana Hernandez-Aguilar, R., Hermans, V., Kadam, P., Kambi, M., Llana, M., Maretti, G., Morgan, D., Murai, M., Neil, E., Nicholl, S., Ormsby, L.J., Orume, R., Pacheco, L., Piel, A., Sanz, C., Sciaky, L., Stewart, F.A., Tagg, N., Wessling, E.G., Willie, J. & Kühl, H. S. 2020. Chimpanzee ethnography reveals unexpected cultural diversity. Nature Human Behaviour, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-0890-1
  • Fiore, A. M., Cronin, K. A., Ross, S. R., & Hopper, L. M. 2020. Food Cleaning by Japanese Macaques: Innate, Innovative or Cultural?. Folia Primatologica; International Journal of Primatology, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1159/000506127.
  • Norconk, M. A., Atsalis, S., Tully, G., Santillán, A. M., Waters, S., Knott, C. D., Ross, S. R., Shanee, S., & Stiles, D. 2020. Reducing the primate pet trade: Actions for primatologists. American Journal of Primatology, 82(1), e23079. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.23079
  • Earl, S. C., Hopper, L. M., & Ross, S. R. 2020. Same Space, Different Species: The Influence of Exhibit Design on the Expression of Zoo-Housed Apes’ Species-Typical Retiring Behaviors. Animals, 10(5), 836. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10050836
  • Cronin, K. A., Tank, A., Ness, T., Leahy, M., & Ross, S. R. 2020. Sex and season predict wounds in zoo-housed Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata): A multi-institutional study. Zoo Biology, Early View. https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.21533
  • Cooksey, K., Sanz, C., Ebombi, T. F., Massamba, J. M., Teberd, P., Magema, E., Abea, G., Peralejo, J. S. O., Kienast, I., Stephens, C., & Morgan, D. 2020. Socioecological Factors Influencing Intergroup Encounters in Western Lowland Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). International Journal of Primatology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-020-00147-6
  • Musgrave, S., Lonsdorf, E., Morgan, D., Prestipino, M., Bernstein-Kurtycz, L., Mundry, R., & Sanz, C. 2020. Teaching varies with task complexity in wild chimpanzees. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(2), 969. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1907476116
  • Campbell, T. P., Sun, X., Patel, V. H., Sanz, C., Morgan, D., & Dantas, G. 2020. The microbiome and resistome of chimpanzees, gorillas, and humans across host lifestyle and geography. The ISME Journal, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-020-0634-2
  • Frankel, J. S., Mallott, E. K., Hopper, L. M., Ross, S. R., & Amato, K. R. 2019. The effect of captivity on the primate gut microbiome varies with host dietary niche. American Journal of Primatology 81(12), e23061. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.23061
  • Cronin, K., & Ross, S. 2019. A cautionary note on the use of behavioural diversity (H-Index) in animal welfare science. Animal Welfare, 28, 157–164. https://doi.org/10.7120/09627286.28.2.157
  • Egelkamp, C. L., Jacobson, S. L., Cronin, K. A., Wagner, K. E., Ross, S. R., & Hopper, L. M. 2019. A Comparison of Sequential Learning Errors Made by Apes and Monkeys Reveals Individual but not Species Differences in Learning. International Journal of Comparative Psychology, 32. Retrieved from https://escholarship.org/uc/item/024578f5
  • Egelkamp, C. L., & Ross, S. R. Egelkamp, C. L., & Ross, S. R. 2019. A review of zoo-based cognitive research using touchscreen interfaces. Zoo Biology, 38(2), 220–235. https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.21458
  • Ross, S. R., Hansen, B. K., Hopper, L. M., & Fultz, A. 2019. A unique zoo-sanctuary collaboration for chimpanzees. American Journal of Primatology 81(5): e22941
  • Hopper, L. M., Egelkamp, C. L., Fidino, M., & Ross, S.R. 2019. An assessment of touchscreens for testing primate food preferences and valuations. Behavior Research Methods, 51(2), 639–650. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-018-1065-0
  • Plenderleith, L. J., Liu, W., Learn, G. H., Loy, D. E., Speede, S., Sanz, C.M., Morgan, D.B., Bertolani, P., Hart, J.A., Hart, T.B., Hahn, B.H., Sharp, P. M. 2019. Ancient Introgression between Two Ape Malaria Parasite Species. Genome Biology and Evolution, 11(11), 3269–3274. https://doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evz244
  • Bibollet-Ruche, F., Russell, R. M., Liu, W., Stewart-Jones, G. B. E., Sherrill-Mix, S., Li, Y., … Hahn, B. H. 2019. CD4 receptor diversity in chimpanzees protects against SIV infection. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 201821197. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1821197116
  • ManyPrimates, Altschul, D.M., Beran, M.J., Bohn, M., Call, J., DeTroy, S., Duguid, S.J., Egelkamp, C.E., Fichtel, C., Fischer, J., Flessart, M., Hanus, D., Haun, D.B.M., Haux, L.M., Hernandez-Aguilar, R., Herrmann, E., Hopper, L.M., Joly, M., Kano, F., Keupp, S., Melis, A.P., Rodrigo, A.M., Ross, S.R., Sánchez-Amaro, A., Sato, Y., Schmitt, V., Schweinfurth, M.K., Seed, A.M., Taylor, D., Völter, C.J., Warren, E., & Watzek, J. 2019. Establishing an infrastructure for collaboration in primate cognition research. PLoS ONE, 14(10), e0223675. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223675
  • Saiyed, S. T., Hopper, L. M., & Cronin, K. A. 2019. Evaluating the Behavior and Temperament of African Penguins in a Non-Contact Animal Encounter Program. Animals, 9(6), 326. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9060326
  • Bonnie, K. E., Bernstein-Kurtycz, L. M., Shender, M. A., Ross, S. R., & Hopper, L. M. 2019. Foraging in a social setting: a comparative analysis of captive gorillas and chimpanzees. Primates, 60(2), 125–131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-018-00712-x
  • Jacobson, S.L., & Hopper, L.M. 2019. Hardly habitual: chimpanzees and gorillas show flexibility in their motor responses when presented with a causally-clear task. PeerJ, 7, e6195
  • Morgan, D. B. 2019. Impacts of Selective Logging and Associated Anthropogenic Disturbance on Intact Forest Landscapes and Apes of northern Congo. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, 2. https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2019.00028
  • Hopper, L. M., Fernandez-Duque, E., & Williams, L. E. 2019. Testing the weekend effect hypothesis: Time of day and lunar phase better predict the timing of births in laboratory-housed primates than day of week. American Journal of Primatology, e23026. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.23026
  • Jacobson, S. L., Kwiatt, A. C., Ross, S. R., & Cronin, K. A. 2019. The effects of cognitive testing on the welfare of zoo-housed Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 212: 90–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2018.12.014
  • Woods, J. M., Ross, S. R., & Cronin, K. A. 2019. The Social Rank of Zoo-Housed Japanese Macaques is a Predictor of Visitor-Directed Aggression. Animals, 9(6), 316. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9060316
  • Hopper, L. M., & Torrance, A. W. 2019. User innovation: A novel framework for studying animal innovation within a comparative context. Animal Cognition, 22(6), 1185-1190
  • Hopper, L. M., Cronin, K. A., & Ross, S. R. 2018. A multi-institutional assessment of a short-form personality questionnaire for use with macaques. Zoo Biology, 37: 281-289. https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.21439
  • Sherrill-Mix, S., McCormick, K., Lauder, A., Bailey, A., Zimmerman, L., Li, Y., … Bushman, F. D. 2018. Allometry and Ecology of the Bilaterian Gut Microbiome. MBio, 9(2), e00319-18. https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00319-18
  • Hansen, B., Fultz, A., Hopper, L., & Ross, S. 2018. An evaluation of video cameras for collecting observational data on sanctuary‐housed chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Zoo Biology, 37(3), 156–161. https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.21410
  • Adamescu, G. S., Plumptre, A. J., Abernethy, K. A., Polansky, L., Bush, E. R., Chapman, C. A., … Beale, C. M. 2018. Annual cycles are the most common reproductive strategy in African tropical tree communities. Biotropica. Retrieved from https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/129767/
  • Egelkamp, C.L., & Hopper, L.M. 2018. Behavioral and cognitive research. In W. Trevathan (Ed.). The International Encyclopedia of Biological Anthropology. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. (in press)
  • Hopper, L. M., van de Waal, E., & Caldwell, C. A. 2018. Celebrating the continued importance of “Machiavellian Intelligence” 30 years on. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 132(4), 427–431. https://doi.org/10.1037/com0000157
  • Watson, S. K., Vale, G. L., Hopper, L. M., Dean, L. G., Kendal, R. L., Price, E. E., … Whiten, A. 2018. Chimpanzees demonstrate individual differences in social information use. Animal Cognition, (Early View). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-018-1198-7
  • Antonioni, A., Pereda, M., Cronin, K. A., Tomassini, M., & Sánchez, A. 2018. Collaborative hierarchy maintains cooperation in asymmetric games. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 5375. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-23681-z
  • Huskisson, S. M., & Chism, J. L. 2018. Emerging relationships in a new group of Western lowland gorillas Gorilla gorilla gorilla at Riverbanks Zoo & Garden, Columbia, SC. International Zoo Yearbook, 52(1), 1-11
  • Marrocoli, S., Gatiso, T. T., Morgan, D., Nielsen, M. R., & Kühl, H. 2018. Environmental Uncertainty and Self-monitoring in the Commons: A Common-pool Resource Experiment Framed Around Bushmeat Hunting in the Republic of Congo. Ecological Economics, 149, 274–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.03.020
  • Cronin, K. A., Bethell, E. J., Jacobson, S. L., Egelkamp, C., Hopper, L. M., & Ross, S. R. 2018. Evaluating mood changes in response to anthropogenic noise with a response-slowing task in three species of zoo-housed primates. Animal Behavior and Cognition, 5(2), 209­–221. https://doi.org/10.26451/abc.05.02.03.2018
  • Fisken, F. A., Carlsen, F., Elder, M., Jongh, T. de, Pereboom, J. J. M., Pohl, B., Rietkerk, F., Ross, S.R., Taniguchi, A. 2018. Global population records and managed-programme updates for the great apes: short report. International Zoo Yearbook, 52(1), 212–226. https://doi.org/10.1111/izy.12206
  • Finestone, E. M., Brown, M. H., Ross, S. R., & Pontzer, H. 2018. Great ape walking kinematics: Implications for hominoid evolution. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 166(1), 43–55. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23397
  • Strindberg, S., Maisels, F., Williamson, E. A., Blake, S., Stokes, E. J., Aba’a, R., … Wilkie, D. S. 2018. Guns, germs, and trees determine density and distribution of gorillas and chimpanzees in Western Equatorial Africa. Science Advances, 4(4), eaar2964. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aar2964
  • Kozma, E. E., Webb, N. M., Harcourt-Smith, W. E. H., Raichlen, D. A., D’Août, K., Brown, M. H., Finestone, E.M., Ross, S.R., Aerts, P., Pontzer, H. 2018. Hip extensor mechanics and the evolution of walking and climbing capabilities in humans, apes, and fossil hominins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 201715120. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1715120115
  • Altschul, D. M., Hopkins, W. D., Herrelko, E. S., Inoue-Murayama, M., Matsuzawa, T., King, J. E., Ross, S.R., Weiss, A. 2018. Personality links with lifespan in chimpanzees. ELife, 7, e33781. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.33781
  • Saiyed ST, Liubicich RC, Fidino M, Ross SR. 2018. Stillbirth rates across three ape species in accredited American zoos. American Journal of Primatology. 2018; e22870. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.22870
  • Hopper, L. M., & Cronin, K. A. 2018. What Did You Get? What Social Learning, Collaboration, Prosocial Behaviour, and Inequity Aversion Tell Us About Primate Social Cognition. In L. D. Di Paolo, F. Di Vincenzo, & F. De Petrillo (Eds.), Evolution of Primate Social Cognition (pp. 13–26). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93776-2_2
  • Cronin, K.A. & Hopper, L.M. 2017. A comparative perspective on helping and fairness. In J. Sommerville & J. Decety (Eds.), Frontiers in Developmental Science Series: Social Cognition. (pp. 26-45). Psychology Press, Taylor & Francis Group, London
  • Hopper, L.M. 2017. Andrew Whiten. In J. Vonk & T. Shackelford (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior (pp. 1-5). Cham: Springer International Publishing
  • Ang, M. Y. L., Shender, M. A., & Ross, S. R. 2017. Assessment of behavior and space use before and after forelimb amputation in a zoo-housed chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). Zoo Biology 36: 5–10
  • Jacobson, S. L., Freeman, H. D., Santymire, R. M., & Ross, S. R. 2017. Atypical experiences of captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) are associated with higher hair cortisol concentrations as adults. Royal Society Open Science, 4(12), 170932. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170932
  • van Leeuwen, E.J.C., Mundry, R., Cronin, K.A., Bodamer, M. & Haun, D.B.M. 2017. Chimpanzee culture extends beyond matrilineal family units. Current Biology, 27: R588-R590
  • Hopper, L. M. 2017. Cognitive research in zoos. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 16, 100–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2017.04.006
  • Cronin, K.A. 2017. Comparative studies of cooperation: Collaboration and prosocial behavior in animals. In J. Call, G.B. Burghardt, I. Pepperberg, C.T. Snowdon, & T. Zental (Eds.), APA Handbook of Comparative Psychology. (pp. 915-929). American Psychological Association, Washington, D.C.
  • Howard, L. H., Wagner, K. E., Woodward, A. L., Ross, S. R., & Hopper, L. M. 2017. Social Models Enhance Apes’ Memory for Novel Events. Scientific Reports, 7, 40926
  • Cronin, K. A., Jacobson, S. L., Bonnie, K. E., & Hopper, L. M. 2017. Studying primate cognition in a social setting to improve validity and welfare: a literature review highlighting successful approaches. PeerJ, 5, e3649
  • Vale, G., Flynn, E., Kendal, J., Rawlings, B., Hopper, L., Schapiro, S., Lambeth, S., Kendal, R. 2017. Testing differential use of payoff-biased social learning strategies in children and chimpanzees. Proceedings of the Royal Society: Biological Sciences
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  • Jacobson, SL, Hopper, LM, Shender, MA, Ross, SR, Leahy, M & McNernie, J. 2017. Zoo visitors’ perceptions of chimpanzee welfare are not affected by the provision of artificial environmental enrichment devices in a naturalistic exhibit. Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research, 5(1), 56–61
  • Wagner, K.E., Hopper, L.M., & Ross, S.R. 2016. Asymmetries in the production of self-directed behaviour by chimpanzees and gorillas during a computerized cognitive test. Animal Cognition. 19(2), 343-350
  • Freeman, H.D., Ross, SR, Weiss, A. 2016. Atypical Early Histories Predict Lower Extraversion in Captive Chimpanzees. Developmental Psychobiology 58: 519-527
  • Hopper, L.M., Shender, M.A., & Ross, S.R. 2016. Behavioral research as physical enrichment for captive chimpanzees. Zoo Biology 35(4), 293-297
  • Jacobson S, Ross SR and Bloomsmith MA. 2016. Characterizing abnormal behavior in a large population of zoo-housed chimpanzees: Prevalence and potential influencing factors. PeerJ 4:e2225 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2225
  • Beran, M.J., Hopper, L.M., de Waal, F.B.M., Sayers, K., Brosnan, S.F. 2016. Chimpanzee food preferences, associative learning, and the origins of cooking. Learning & Behavior: 44, 103-108
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  • Beran, M.J., Hopper, L.M., de Waal, F.B.M., Brosnan, S.F., & Sayers, K. 2016. Chimpanzees, cooking, and a more comparative psychology. Learning & Behavior 44, 118-121
  • van Leeuwen, E.J.C., Mulenga, I.C., Bodamer, M. & Cronin, K.A. 2016. Chimpanzees’ responses to the dead body of a nine-year old group member. American Journal of Primatology. 78: 914-922
  • Ross SR and Shender MA. 2016. Daily travel distances of zoo-housed chimpanzees and gorillas: Implications for welfare assessments and space requirements. Primates 57: 395-401
  • Bonnie KE, Ang MY and Ross SR. 2016. Effects of crowd size on exhibit use by and behavior of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and Western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla) at an accredited zoo. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 178: 102-110
  • Cronin, K.A., West, V., & Ross, S.R. 2016. Investigating the relationship between welfare and rearing young in captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Applied Animal Behaviour Science 181, 166-172
  • Sanz, C. M., Morgan, D. B., & Hopkins, W. D. 2016. Lateralization and performance asymmetries in the termite fishing of wild chimpanzees in the Goualougo Triangle, Republic of Congo. American Journal of Primatology, online early view, https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.22574
  • Pontzer H, Brown MH, Luke A, Dugas L, Schoeller D, Raichlen DA, Dunsworth H, Hare B, Schroepfer-Walker K, Thompson ME, Ross SR. 2016. Metabolic Acceleration and the Evolution of Human Brain Size and Life History. Nature doi:10.1038/nature17654
  • Meals LC, Ross SR, Eng C and Gamble KC. 2016. Prospective population management for Hepatitis B in the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) SSP population. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 47(3): 711-716
  • Hopper, L.M., Freeman, H.D., & Ross, S.R. 2016. Reconsidering coprophagy as an indicator of negative welfare for captive chimpanzees. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 176, 112-119
  • Ross, S.R., & Hopper, L.M. 2016. Seeking a deeper understanding of welfare-related behaviors. Connect. May 2016 Issue, 8-9
  • Cameron, K., Reed, T., Morgan, D., Ondzié, A., Sanz C., Kühl H., Olson S., Leroy E., Karesh, W. and Mundry, R. 2016. Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of a Mortality Event Among Central African Modeling Disease Spread in Apes. PLoS ONE 11(5):e0154505. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0154505
  • Hopper, L.M. 2016. The individual and social drivers of primate innovation. PeerJ Preprints 4, e2276v1 Cronin, K.A. 2016. Unnatural paradigm calls into question whether macaques’ social decisions represent empathy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.113 (10): E1331
  • Cronin, K.A., De Groot, E., & Stevens, J.M.G. 2015. Bonobos Show Limited Social Tolerance in a Group Setting: A Comparison with Chimpanzees and a Test of the Relational Model. Folia Primatologica, 86(3), 164–177
  • Hopper, L.M., Kurtycz, L.M., Ross, S.R., & Bonnie, K.E. 2015. Captive chimpanzee foraging in a social setting: a test of problem solving, flexibility, and spatial discounting. PeerJ 3, e833
  • Faughn C, Marrus N, Shuman J, Ross SR, Constantino J, Pruett JR, and Povinelli DJ. 2015. Chimpanzee Social Responsiveness Scale detects individual variation in social responsiveness for captive chimpanzees. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 45(5): 1483-1488
  • Kendal, R.L., Hopper, L.M., Whiten, A., Brosnan, S.F., Lambeth, S.P., Schapiro, S.J., & Hoppitt, W. 2015. Chimpanzees copy dominant and knowledgeable individuals: implications for cultural diversity. Evolution & Human Behavior. 36, 65-72
  • Hopper, L.M., Tennie, C., Ross, S.R. & Lonsdorf, E.V. 2015. Chimpanzees create and modify probe-tools functionally: A study with zoo-housed chimpanzees. American Journal of Primatology 77(2), 162-170
  • Ndolo-Ebika, Sydney, Morgan, D., Sanz, C., Harris, D. 2015. Differences between trees and free-standing stranglers in Ficus in a Congolese forest. Plant Ecology and Evolution
  • Ebika, STN, Morgan D, Sanz C and Harris DJ. 2015. Hemi-epiphytic Ficus (Moraceae) in a Congolese Forest. Plant Ecology and Evolution 148(3): 377-386
  • Cronin KA, Acheson DJ, Rojas PH, and Sanchez A. 2015. Hierarchy is detrimental for human cooperation. Scientific Reports 5, 18634; doi: 10.1038/srep18634
  • Leighty, K. A., Valuska, A. J., Grand, A. P., Bettinger, T. L., Mellen, J. D., Ross, S. R., … Ogden, J. J. 2015. Impact of Visual Context on Public Perceptions of Non-Human Primate Performers. PLoS ONE, 10(2), e0118487
  • Rosenbaum S, Hirwa JP, Silk JB, Vigilant L, & Stoinski TS. 2015. Male rank, not paternity, predicts male–immature relationships in mountain gorillas, Gorilla beringei beringei. Animal Behaviour 104, 13–24
  • Brosnan, S.F., Hopper, L.M., Richey, S., Freeman, H.D., Talbot, C.F., Gosling, S., Lambeth, S.P. & Schapiro, S.J. 2015. Personality influences responses to inequity and contrast in chimpanzees. Animal Behaviour 101, 75-87
  • Huskisson, S. M., Fogg, K. L., Upole, T. L., & Zehnder, C. B. 2015. Seasonal dynamics and plant preferences of Megacopta cribraria, an exotic insect species in the southeast. Southeastern Naturalist, 14(1), 57-65
  • Claidière, N., Whiten, A., Mareno, M.C., Messer, E., Brosnan, S.F., Hopper, L.M., Lambeth, S.P., Schapiro, S.J., & McGuigan, N. 2015. Selective and contagious prosocial resource donation in capuchin monkeys, chimpanzees and humans. Scientific Reports 5, 7631
  • Leeds A, Boyer D, Ross SR and Lukas KE. 2015. The effects of group type and young silverbacks on wounding rates in Western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) groups in North American zoos. Zoo Biology 34(4): 296-304
  • Hopper, L.M., Lambeth, S.P., Schapiro, S.J. & Whiten, A. 2015. The importance of witnessed agency in chimpanzee social learning of tool use. Behavioural Processes 112, 120-129
  • Lesnik, J. J., C. M. Sanz and D. B. Morgan. 2015. The Interdigital Brace and Other Grips for Termite Nest Perforation by Chimpanzees of the Goualougo Triangle, Republic of Congo. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 157(2): 252-259
  • Fuenfstueck, T., M. Arandjelovic, D. B. Morgan, C. Sanz, P. Reed, S. H. Olson, K. Cameron, A. Ondzie, M. Peeters and L. Vigilant. 2015. The Sampling Scheme Matters: Pan troglodytes troglodytes and P-t. schweinfurthii Are Characterized by Clinal Genetic Variation Rather Than a Strong Subspecies Break. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 156(2): 181-191
  • Price, A., Boeving, E.R., Shender, M.A., Ross, S.R. 2015. Understanding the Effectiveness of Demonstration Programs. Journal of Museum Education, 40(1),46-54
  • Kurtycz, L.M. and Ross S.R. 2015. Western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) birth pattern and human presence in zoological settings. Zoo Biology 34: 518-521
  • Furuichi, T., C. Sanz, K. Koops, T. Sakamaki, H. Ryu, N. Tokuyama and D. Morgan. 2015. Why do wild bonobos not use tools like chimpanzees do?. Behaviour 152(3-4): 425-460
  • Finestone, E., Bonnie, K.E., Hopper, L.M., Vreeman, V.M., Lonsdorf, E.V., & Ross, S.R. 2014. The interplay between individual, social, and environmental influences on chimpanzee food choices. Behavioural Processes. 105, 71-78
  • Lukas, K.E., and Ross, S.R. 2014. A comparison of visitor knowledge and attitudes towards African apes before and after exhibit renovation. Anthrozoos, 27(3): 435-455
  • Van Leeuwen, E. J. C., Cronin, K. A., & Haun, D. B. M. 2014. A group-specific arbitrary tradition in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Animal Cognition,17, 1421-1425. doi:10.1007/s10071-014-0766-8 Liu, W. M., Y. Y. Li, K. S. Shaw, G. H. Learn, L. J. Plenderleith, J. A. Malenke, S. A. Sundararaman, M. A. Ramirez, P. A. Crystal, A. G. Smith, F. Bibollet-Ruche, A. Ayouba, S. Locatelli, A. Esteban, F. Mouacha, E. Guichet, C. Butel, S. Ahuka-Mundeke, B. I. Inogwabini, J. B. N. Ndjango, S. Speede, C. M. Sanz, D. B. Morgan, M. K. Gonder, P. J. Kranzusch, P. D. Walsh, A. V. Georgiev, M. N. Muller, A. K. Piel, F. A. Stewart, M. L. Wilson, A. E. Pusey, L. W. Cui, Z. L. Wang, A. Farnert, C. J. Sutherland, D. Nolder, J. A. Hart, T. B. Hart, P. Bertolani, A. Gillis, M. LeBreton, B. Tafon, J. Kiyang, C. F. Djoko, B. S. Schneider, N. D. Wolfe, E. Mpoudi-Ngole, E. Delaporte, R. Carter, R. L. Culleton, G. M. Shaw, J. C. Rayner, M. Peeters, B. H. Hahn and P. M. Sharp. 2014. African origin of the malaria parasite Plasmodium vivax. Nature Communications 5: 10
  • Calcutt S.E., Lonsdorf E.V., Bonnie K.E., Milstein M.S., and Ross S.R. 2014. Captive chimpanzees share diminishing resources. Behaviour, 151(14):1697-1982
  • Hopper, L.M. 2014. Do chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) choose to exert control over their environment to maximize personal gain in comparison to their peers?. American Society of Primatologists Bulletin, Spring/Summer 2014, 43-52
  • Keller, K. L., Fritz, R. S., Zoubek, C. M., Kennedy, E. H., Cronin, K. A., Rothwell, E. S., & Serfass, T. L. 2014. Effects of transport on fecal glucocorticoid levels in captive-bred cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus). Journal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science, 88(2), 84-88
  • Jacobs RM, Ross SR, Wagner KE, Leahy M, Meiers ST, Santymire RM 2014. Evaluating the physiological and behavioral response of a male and female gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) during an introduction. Zoo Biology, 33(5), 394–402
  • Hopper, L.M., Price, S.A., Freeman, H.D., Lambeth, S.P., Schapiro, S.J. & Kendal, R.L. 2014. Influence of personality, age, sex, and estrous state on chimpanzee problem-solving success. Animal Cognition. 17(4), 835-847
  • Sanz, C. M., I. Deblauwe, N. Tagg and D. B. Morgan. 2014. Insect prey characteristics affecting regional variation in chimpanzee tool use. Journal of Human Evolution 71: 28-37
  • Wilson, M. L., Boesch, C., Fruth, B., Furuichi, T., Gilby, I. C., Hashimoto, C., … Wrangham, R. W. 2014. Lethal aggression in Pan is better explained by adaptive strategies than human impacts. Nature, 513(7518), 414–417. doi:10.1038/nature13727
  • Cronin, K. A., Van Leeuwen, E. J. C., Vreeman, V., & Haun, D. B. M. 2014. Population-level variability in the social climates of four chimpanzee societies. Evolution and Human Behavior, 35(5), 389-396. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2014.05.004
  • Pontzer, H., Raichlen, DA, Gordon, AD, Schroepfer, KK, Hare, B, Dunsworth, HM, Wood, BM, Isler, K, Burkart, J, Irwin, M, Shumaker, RW, Lonsdorf, EV, Ross, SR. 2014. Primate Energy Expenditure and Life History. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111(4): 1433-1437
  • Cronin, K. A., Pieper, B., Van Leeuwen, E. J. C., Mundry, R., & Haun, D. B. M. 2014. Problem solving in the presence of others: How rank and relationship quality impact resource acquisition in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). PLoS One, 9(4): e93204. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0093204
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  • Brosnan, S.F. & Hopper, L.M. 2014. Psychological limits on animal innovation. Animal Behaviour. 92, 325-332
  • Lonsdorf, E.V., Markham, A.C., Heintz, M.R., Anderson, K.E., Ciuk, D.J., Goodall, J., Murray, C.M. 2014. Sex Differences in Wild Chimpanzee Behavior Emerge during Infancy. PLoS ONE 9(6): e99099. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0099099
  • Hopper, L.M., Lambeth, S.P., Schapiro, S.J., & Brosnan, S.F. 2014. Social comparison mediates chimpanzees’ responses to loss, not frustration. Animal Cognition. 17(6), 1303-1311
  • Pasquaretta, C., Levé, M., Claidière, N., van de Waal, E., Whiten, A., Macintosh, A., Pelé, M., Bergstrom, M., Borgeaud, C., Brosnan, F., Crofoot, M., Fedigan, L., Fichtel, C., Hopper, L.M., Mareno, M., Petit, O., Schnoell, A.V., Polizzi di Sorrentino, E., Thierry, B., Tiddi, B. & Sueur, C. 2014. Social networks in primates: smart and tolerant species have more efficient networks. Scientific Reports 4, 7600
  • Kurtycz LM, Shender MA, Ross SR 2014. The birth of an infant decrease group spacing in a zoo-housed lowland gorilla group (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). Zoo Biology 33(5): 471-474
  • Kurtycz, LM, Wagner, KE and Ross, SR. 2014. The choice to access outdoor areas affects the behavior of zoo-housed great apes. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science.17(3):185-97
  • Fuenfstueck, T., M. Arandjelovic, D. B. Morgan, C. Sanz, T. Breuer, E. J. Stokes, P. Reed, S. H. Olson, K. Cameron, A. Ondzie, M. Peeters, H. S. Kuehl, C. Cipolletta, A. Todd, S. Masi, D. M. Doran-Sheehy, B. J. Bradley and L. Vigilant. 2014. The Genetic Population Structure of Wild Western Lowland Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) Living in Continuous Rain Forest. American Journal of Primatology 76(9): 868-878
  • Freeman HD, Ross SR 2014. The Impact of Atypical Early Histories on Pet or Performer Chimpanzees. PeerJ 2:e579; DOI 10.7717/peerj.579
  • Hopper, L.M., Morgan, D.B., & Ross, S.R. 2014. The next direction for primatology? A commentary on Setchell (2013). International Journal of Primatology. 35(2), 341-348
  • E. R. Boeving, M. A. Shender, K. E. Wagner, S. R. Ross 2013. A behavioral evaluation of pregnant zoo-housed gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). American Journal of Primatology. 75(S1), 77
  • Chelluri, G.I., Ross, S.R. and Wagner, K.E. 2013. Behavioral correlates and welfare implications of informal interactions between caretakers and zoo-housed chimpanzees and gorillas. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 147: 306-315
  • S. E. Henley, M. A. Shender, K. E. Wagner, S. R. Ross 2013. Behavioral development in a new group of bachelor gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). American Journal of Primatology. 75(S1), 77
  • Kurtycz, L.M., Shender, M.A., & Ross, S.R. 2013. Changes in western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) group cohesion following the birth of a baby. American Journal of Primatology. 75(S1), 89
  • L. M. Kurtycz, M. A. Shender, S. R. Ross 2013. Changes in western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) group cohesion following the birth of a baby. American Journal of Primatology. 75(S1), 89
  • Hopper, L.M., Lambeth, S.P., Schapiro, S.J., & Brosnan, S.F. 2013. Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) attempt to maximize returns, not ‘level the playing field’. American Journal of Primatology. 75(S1), 43
  • van Leeuwen, E.J.C., Cronin, K.A., Schuette, S., Call, J. & Haun, D.B.M. 2013. Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) flexibly adjust their behavior in order to maximize payoffs, not to conform to majorities. PLOS ONE. 8: e80945
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  • Brosnan, S.F. & Hopper, L.M. 2013. Cooperation, behavioral diversity and inequity responses. In M. Banaji & S. Gelman (Eds.) Navigating the Social World: What Infants, Children, and Other Species Can Teach Us. Oxford University Press: New York, NY
  • Freeman, H.D., Brosnan, S.F., Hopper, L.M., Lambeth, S.P., Schapiro, S.J. & Gosling, S.D. 2013. Developing a comprehensive and comparative questionnaire for measuring personality in chimpanzees using a simultaneous top-down/bottom-up design. American Journal of Primatology, 75: 1042-1053
  • Freeman, H.D., Sullivan, J., Hopper, L.M., Talbot, C.F., Holmes, A.N., Schultz-Darken, N., Williams, L.E. & Brosnan, S.F. 2013. Different responses to reward comparisons by three primate species. PLoS ONE 8(10): e76287
  • Ross, M.R., Gillespie, K.L., Hopper, L. M., Bloomsmith, M.A., & Maple, T.L. 2013. Differential preference for ultraviolet light among captive birds from three ecological habitats. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 147: 278-285
  • Hopper, L.M., Holmes, A.N., Williams, L.E., & Brosnan, S.F. 2013. Dissecting the mechanisms of squirrel monkey (Saimiri boliviensis) social learning. PeerJ 1:e13. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13
  • K.E. Wagner, S. R. Ross 2013. Female sexual state influences the cognitive test performance of zoo-living chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) but not gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). American Journal of Primatology. 75(S1), 44
  • Morgan, D., Sanz, C., Greer, D., Rayden, T., Maisels, F. & Williamson, E.A. 2013. Great Apes and FSC: Implementing ‘Ape Friendly’ Practices in Central Africa’s Logging Concessions. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group. 36 pp
  • M. H. Brown, M. A. Shender, K. E. Wagner, S. R. Ross 2013. Potential factors associated with stereotyped ear-covering behavior in an adolescent male gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). American Journal of Primatology. 75 (S1), 49
  • Ross, S.R. 2013. Preface to the Special Issue on the Welfare of Zoo Animals. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 147: 306-315
  • Ross, S.R. 2013. Questioning the use of privately-owned apes in Anthropological Research. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 152: 313-314
  • Nettle, D., Cronin, K. A., & Bateson, M. 2013. Responses of chimpanzees to cues of conspecific observation. Animal Behaviour. 86: 595-602
  • Cronin, K.A. 2013. Review of Chimpanzees of the Lakeshore: Natural History and Culture at Mahale, by Toshisada Nishida, Cambridge University Press. Animal Behaviour, 85: 685-686
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  • Hopper, L.M., Bonnie, K.E., Kurtycz, L.M., & Ross, S.R. 2013. Testing for chimpanzee innovation and social learning in a zoo setting. American Journal of Primatology. 75(S1), 56
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  • Hopper, L.M., Lambeth, S.P., Schapiro S.J., Bernacky, B.J., & Brosnan, S.F. 2013. The ontogeny of social comparisons in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Journal of Primatology, 2:109
  • H. D. Freeman, S. R. Ross 2013. The relationship between early human exposure and current behavior in former pet/performer chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). American Journal of Primatology. 75(S1), 46
  • Sanz, S., Morgan, D. 2013. The social context of chimpanzee tool use. In: Sanz, C., Call, J., Boesch, C. (Eds.), Tool use in animals. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK
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  • B. I. Neier, D. Boyer, K. E. Lukas, S. R. Ross 2013. Wounding rates in bachelor and mixed-sex grouping of lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). American Journal of Primatology. 75(S1), 61
  • van Leeuwen, E.J.C., Cronin, K.A., Haun, D.B.M., Mundry, R. & Bodamer, M.D. 2012. Neighbouring chimpanzee communities show different preferences in social grooming behavior. roceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 279: 4362-4367
  • Hopper, L.M., Lambeth, S.P. & Schapiro, S.J. 2012. An evaluation of the efficacy of video displays for use with chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). American Journal of Primatology. 74, 442-449
  • Wagner, K.E., and Ross, S.R. 2012. Association between cognitive test performance and disposition to arousal in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). American Journal of Primatology, 74 S1: 66
  • Fitzpatrick, M.C., Wagner K.E., Ross S.R. 2012. Behavioral changes associated with sexual state in zoo-living chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). American Journal of Primatology, 74 S1: 39
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  • Melber, T.M., Lonsdorf, E.V. and Ross, S.R. 2007. Social learning of tool-use skills in captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). American Journal of Primatology 69 (supplement 1): 100-101
  • Lonsdorf, E.V. 2007. The Role of Behavioral Research in the Conservation of Chimpanzees and Gorillas. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 10(1): 71-78
  • Freeman, H, Gosling, S. 2006. A review and meta-analysis of personality studies in non-human primates. American Journal of Primatology 68 (S1): 75
  • Lonsdorf, E.V., Ross, S.R. and Melber, T.N. 2006. An experimental, comparative approach to social learning of tool-use skills in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). International Journal of Primatology (supplement 1): 27
  • Ross, S.R. and Lukas, K.E. 2006. Attitudes and knowledge of visitors towards African apes at a North American Zoo. International Journal of Primatology (supplement 1): 27
  • Cranfield, M., Gaffikin, L., Minnis, R., Nutter, F., Rwego, I., Travis, D. and Whittier, C. 2006. Clinical Response to Decision Tree for the Mountain Gorilla (Gorilla beringeii) as a Model for Great Apes. American Journal of Primatology: Special Topics Issue, 68: 909-927
  • Bloomsmith, M.A., Ross, S.R., Bettinger, T., Clay, A.W. and Anderson, U. 2006. Cross-sectional study of the behavioral development of young male chimpanzees in twenty zoos. American Journal of Primatology 68 (supplement 1): 48
  • Travis, D.A., Hungerford, L., Engel, G.A., and Jones-Engel, L. 2006. Disease Risk Analysis: A Tool for Primate Conservation Planning and Decision Making. American Journal of Primatology: Special Topics Issue, 68: 855-867
  • Hopper, LM, Lambeth, SP, Schapiro, SJ, and Whiten, A. 2006. How do chimpanzees learn ‘Pan-pipes’ traditions?. International Journal of Primatology, 27(S1)
  • Hopkins, WD, Russell, J, Freeman, H, Reynolds, E, Griffis, C, and Leavens, DL. 2006. Lateralized scratching in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes).Evidence of a Functional Asymmetry During Arousal. Emotion. 6, 553-559
  • Hostetter, AB, Russell, J, Freeman, H, and Hopkins, WD. 2006. Now you see me, now you don’t: evidence that chimpanzees understand the role of eyes in attention. Animal Cognition, 10, 55-62
  • Ross, S.R., Bettinger, T.M., and Bloomsmith, M.A. 2006. Patterns of wounding incidents in captive chimpanzee groups with adolescent males. International Journal of Primatology (supplement 1): 2
  • Melber, T.N., Lonsdorf, E.V., and Ross, S.R. 2006. The Lester E. Lester E. Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes: A new center for the advancement of research, conservation and education. American Journal of Primatology 68 (supplement 1):121
  • Lonsdorf, E.V. 2006. The role of the mother in the acquisition of tool-use skills in wild chimpanzees. Animal Cognition, 9: 36-46
  • Lonsdorf, E.V., Travis, D., Pusey, A.E. and Goodall, J. 2006. Using retrospective health data from the Gombe chimpanzee study to inform future monitoring efforts. American Journal of Primatology: Special Topics Issue on Disease Risk Analysis, 68: 897-908
  • Hopkins, WD, Cantalupo, C, Freeman, H, Russell, J, Kachin, M, and Nelson, E. 2005. Chimpanzees Are Right Handed When Recording Bouts Rather Than Frequencies in Hand Use. Laterality. 10, 121-130
  • Cronin, K.A., Kurian, A.V. & Snowdon, C.T. 2005. Cooperative problem solving in a cooperatively breeding primate. Animal Behaviour, 69: 133-142
  • Bloomsmith, M.A., Baker, K.C., Ross, S.R. and Lambeth, S.P. 2005. Early rearing conditions and captive chimpanzee behavior: Some surprising findings. Nursery Rearing of Nonhuman Primates in the 21st Century. Kluver Academic Publishers, New York, New York, 289-312
  • Hopkins, WD, Russell, J, Cantalupo, C, Freeman, H, and Shapiro, SJ. 2005. Factors influencing throwing in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Journal of Comparative Psychology. 119, 363-370
  • Lonsdorf, E.V. 2005. Sex differences in the development of termite-fishing skills in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) of Gombe National Park, Tanzania. Animal Behaviour, 70: 673-683
  • Hopkins, WD, Russell, J, Freeman, H, Buehler, N, Reynolds, E, and Shapiro, SJ. 2005. The distribution and development of handedness for manual gestures in captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Psychological Science, 16, 487-493
  • Lonsdorf, E.V. and Hopkins, W.D. 2005. Wild chimpanzees show population-level handedness for tool use. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102: 12634-12638. https://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/0505806102
  • Ross, SR and Lukas, KE. 2005. Zoo Visitor Behavior at an African Ape Exhibit. Visitor Studies Today, 8(1): 4-12
  • Lukas, K.E. and Ross, S.R. 2005. Zoo visitor knowledge and attitudes towards gorillas and chimpanzees.. Journal of Environmental Education, 36(4): 33-48
  • Freeman, H, Cantalupo, C, Weiss, A, King, J, Hopkins, W. 2004. Association between personality and brain asymmetries in the limbic system of chimpanzees. American Journal of Primatology, 62 (S1): 105
  • Freeman, H, Cantalupo, C, Hopkins, WD. 2004. Asymmetries in the Hippocampus and Amygdala of Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Behavioral Neuroscience. 118: 1460-1465
  • Russell, J, Freeman, H, Schapiro, S, Hopkins, W. 2004. Chimpanzee handedness: throwing out the first pitch. American Journal of Primatology, 62 (S1): 106
  • Maestripieri, D. and Ross, S.R. 2004. Maternal influences on infant behavioral development in western lowland gorillas. Advances in Psychology Research, 27: 96-112
  • Lonsdorf, E.V., Pusey, A.E. and Eberly, L. 2004. Sex differences in learning in chimpanzees. Nature, 428: 715-716
  • Maestripieri, D. and Ross, S.R. 2004. Sex differences in play among western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) infants: Implications for adult behavior and social structure. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 123 (1): 52-61
  • Atsalis, S., Margulis, S.W., Bellem, A. and Wielebnowski, N. 2004. Sexual behavior and hormonal estrus cycles in captive aged lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla). American Journal of Primatology, 62: 123-132
  • Ross, S.R. 2003. A guide to caring for chimpanzees (book review). Zoo Biology, 22: 609-612
  • Hopkins, W.D., Stoinski, T.S., Lukas, K.E., Ross, S.R. and Wesley, M.J. 2003. Comparative Assessment of handedness for a coordinated bimanual task in chimpanzees (Pan), gorillas (Gorilla), and orangutans (Pongo). Journal of Comparative Psychology, 117(3): 302-308
  • Ross, S.R. 2003. North American regional studbook for the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois
  • Bloomsmith, M., Kuhar, C., Baker, K., Lambeth, S., Brent, L., Ross, S. and Fritz, J. 2003. Primiparous chimpanzee mothers and their infants: Behavior, interactions, and success. Applied Animal Behavior Science, 84: 235-250
  • Margulis, S.W., Whitham, J.C. and Ogorzalek, K. 2003. Silverback male presence and group stability in gorillas (Gorilla gorilla). Folia Primatologica, 74: 92-96
  • Goodall, J. and Lonsdorf, E.V. 2002. Cultures in Chimpanzees. Oxford University Press Encyclopedia of Evolution
  • Maestripieri, D., Ross, S.K. and Megna, N.L. 2002. Mother-infant interactions in western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla): Spatial relationships, communication, and opportunities for social learning. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 116(3): 219-227
  • Bloomsmith, M., Kuhar, C., Baker, K., Lambeth, S., Brent, L., Ross, S. and Fritz, J. 2001. Early interactions between primiparous chimpanzees and their infants. American Journal of Primatology, 54(1): 31
  • Ross, S.K. and Lukas, K.E. 2001. Exhibit use by great apes as part of a post-occupancy evaluation. American Journal of Primatology, 54(1): 31
  • Ross, S.K., Barger, N., Ganas, J., Lukas, K., Nichols, C., Megna, N., Stoinski, T. and Maestripieri, D. 2001. Maternal scaffolding of offspring behavior in western lowland gorillas. American Journal of Primatology, 54(1): 31
  • Baker, K.C., Bloomsmith, M.A., Ross, S.K., Lambeth, S.P. and Noble, P.L. 2001. The behavioral effects of control vs. passive exposure to joystick-controlled computer tasks intended as enrichment for chimpanzees. American Journal of Primatology, 54(1): 64
  • Bloomsmith, M.A., Ross, S.K. and Baker, K.C. 2000. Control over computer-assisted enrichment for socially housed chimpanzees. American Journal of Primatology, 51(1): 45
  • Bloomsmith, M.A., Baker, K.C., Ross, S.K. and Lambeth, S.P. 1998. Enlarging chimpanzee social groups: The behavioral course of introductions. American Journal of Primatology, 45: 171
  • Baker, KC and Ross, SK. 1998. Outdoor access: The behavioral benefits to chimpanzees. American Journal of Primatology, 45: 166
  • Gillespie, T.R., Lonsdorf, E.V., Canfield, E.P., Meyer, D.J., Nadler, Y., Raphael, J., Pusey, A.E., Pond, J., Pauley, J., Mlengeya, T., Travis, D.A. . Demographic and Ecological Affects on Patterns of Parasitism in Eastern Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in Gombe National Park, Tanzania. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 143: 534-544.
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